First, flood hazard is increasing as climate change raises sea surface temperature, driving oceanic thermal expansion and increasing the intensity and frequency of precipitation events and natural land subsidence (Meehl et al., 2007 Hulme et al., 2002). ![]() In Asian coastal megacities, flood risk and the frequency and impact of floods are increasing (Hanson et al., 2011 Hallegatte et al., 2013 Yang et al., 2015 Chan et al., 2021, 2022), through two routes. Different types of flood can be caused by coastal flooding – storm, high tides, sea-level rise, and insufficient protection river/fluvial floods – snowmelt or high precipitation in catchment areas leading to flash floods or riverine floods pluvial floods – extreme rainfall and failing drainage systems or compound floods from cyclonic monsoon effects enhancing intensive rainstorms and surges together or rapid snowmelt (Kundzewicz, 1999). Human history (Plate, 2002 Yang et al., 2019). It is clear that different countries and cities have their interpretation of SFRM, but this paper explores how policymakers can adopt “mixed options” to move towards long-term thinking about sustainability with social, economic, and environmental considerations.įlooding is a natural phenomenon that has occurred over a long period of Most developing coastal megacities especially in Asia are still heavily reliant on a traditional hard-engineering approach, which may not be enough to mitigate substantial risks due to human factors (e.g. large population, rapid socio-economic growth, subsidence from excessive groundwater extraction) and natural factors (e.g. climate change including sea-level rise and land subsidence). These case studies give good lessons in achieving long-term SFRM to deliver sound flood management practices considering socio-economic and environmental concerns. In this context, the United States has also established a National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), and in a different approach, Japan has developed an advanced flood warning and evacuation contingency system to prepare for climatic extremes. The paper explores recent strategies such as “Making Space for Water”, Planning Policy Statement 25 (PPS25), and the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) in the UK and “Room for the River” in the Netherlands, which were implemented to mitigate flooding, integrate FRM with sustainability concepts, and deliver sound FRM practice for future generations. This paper reviews the past and current flood management experiences from flood defence to SFRM in four developed countries to highlight lessons for coastal megacities in development. ![]() However, the justifications for SFRM are still somewhat embryonic, and it is not yet clear whether this concept is influencing current policies in different countries. Many governmental and non-governmental organisations have been keen on implementing the SFRM strategies by integrating social, ecological, and economic themes into their flood risk management (FRM) practices. Sustainable flood risk management (SFRM) has become popular since the 1980s.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |